ABSTRACT Objective Chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk is inconsistent in the normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals due to the heterogeneity of metabolic status. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the combined effects of body mass index (BMI) and metabolic status on CKD risk. Materials and methods The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Knowledge databases were systematically searched up to March 2019 to identify all eligible studies investigating the CKD risk (defined as GFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and/or microalbuminuria or proteinuria) associated with the body size phenotypes which are known as metabolically unhealthy normal-weight (MUNW), metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW), metabolically unhealthy overweight, metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO). The classification of subjects in included studies as metabolically unhealthy was based on the presence of three components of metabolic syndrome. BMI categorization was based on the criteria of included studies. The risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled using random effects analysis. Results A total of 9 prospective cohort studies with 128773 participants and 4797 incident cases were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with healthy normal-weight individuals as reference, MUNW and MHO subjects showed an increased risk for CKD events with a pooled RR of 1.58 (95% CI = 1.28-1.96) in MUNW and 1.55 (95% CI = 1.34-1.79) in MHO persons. Also, MHOW was at increased risk for CKD (RR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.20-1.51). MUHO individuals were at the highest risk for the development of CKD (RR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.66-2.72). Conclusions Individuals with metabolic abnormality, although at normal-weight, have an increased risk for CKD. Healthy overweight and obese individuals had higher risk; refuting the notion that metabolically healthy overweight and obese phenotypes are benign conditions.

Resumen Para investigar la diversidad y explicar las relaciones del rendimiento de aceite esencial con rasgos morfológicos, 84 poblaciones de T. polycephalum fueron sembradas en el campo utilizando diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con tres réplicas en el Instituto de Investigación de Bosques y Pastizales, Teherán, Irán en 2013-2014. Los datos fueron colectados para la fecha de floración, días de grado de crecimiento (DGC), número de tallos, altura de planta, rendimiento de materia seca (MS), porcentaje de aceite esencial y rendimiento de aceite esencial. Las relaciones entre las características agronómicas se determinaron mediante correlación, regresión y análisis factorial. La distancia genética y la clasificación del genotipo, se determinaron mediante análisis de conglomerados. El rendimiento de MS se correlacionó positivamente con la altura de la planta, cobertura del dosel, número de tallos y rendimiento de aceite (p <0.01), mientras que el% de aceite esencial se correlacionó negativamente con la altura de la planta y el número de tallos (p <0.05). El resultado de la regresión gradual en la cual el rendimiento de aceite esencial se consideró como variable dependiente mostró que el% de aceite esencial y el rendimiento de MS representaron 39.95 y 47.75% de las variaciones totales en la producción de aceite esencial, respectivamente. En el análisis de factores, los valores de Eigen obtenidos de 1 a 3 factores fueron mayores que uno con 88.9% de las variaciones totales. En el primer factor, los rasgos de rendimiento de MS, altura de la planta, cobertura del dosel, número de tallos y en la segunda fecha de floración del factor, DGC y producción de aceite esencial y en el tercer factor, % de aceite esencial, tuvieron coeficientes de vectores Eigen más altos para la clasificación del genotipo. En el análisis de conglomerados, los genotipos se categorizaron en cuatro grupos. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, el grupo 1 para madurez temprana, los grupos 3 para cobertura vegetal del dosel, el número de tallos, el rendimiento de MS y la producción de aceite esencial y el grupo 4, para% de aceite esencial, tuvieron valores promedio significativamente más altos que otros grupos. Hubo una buena concordancia entre los resultados obtenidos de los análisis de grupos y factores en la representación del diagrama de dispersión de 84 genotipos en función del primer y el segundo factor. Se concluyó que la población del grupo 3 es capaz de producir nuevos cultivares mejorados y debe centrarse en la selección de mayor rendimiento de biomasa aérea, altura de la planta, número de flores, % de aceite esencial, junto con la fecha de floración temprana.

Abstract In order to investigate diversity and explain the relationships of essential oil yield with morphological traits, 84 populations T. polycephalum, were sown in the field using randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates in Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland, Tehran, Iran in 2013-2014. Data were collected for flowering date, growth degree days (GDD), stem number, plant height, dry matter (DM) yield, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. The relationships among traits were determined using correlation, regression and factor analysis. The genetic distance and genotype classification were determined using cluster analysis. DM yield was positively correlated with plant height, canopy cover, stem number and oil yield (p<0.01), whereas oil% was negatively correlated with plant height and stem number (p<0.05). Result of stepwise regression in which essential oil yield were considered as dependent variable showed that essential oil%, and DM yield accounted for 39.95 and 47.75%, of the total variations in essential oil production, respectively. In factor analysis, the Eigen values obtained from 1 to 3 factors were higher than one with 88.9% of total variations. In the first factor, traits of DM yield, plant height, canopy cover, stems number, and in the second factor flowering date, GDD and oil yield and in the third factor oil% had higher Eigen vector coefficients for genotype classification. In cluster analysis, genotypes were categorized in four groups. According to the obtained results, cluster 1 for early maturity, clusters 3 for plant height canopy cover, stems number, DM yield and essential oil production and cluster4, for essential oil%, had significantly higher mean values than other groups. There was a good agreement between the results obtained from cluster and factor analyses in scatter diagram representation of 84 genotypes based on the first and second factors. It was concluded that population of cluster 3 are capable to breeding improved new cultivars and should be focused on selection higher aerial biomass yield, plant height, flower number, essential oil%, coupled with early flowering date.

Cutting energy requirement for rice stem is a momentous touchstone in design or optimization of cutting mechanism on harvesting machines. Various parameters such as physical and mechanical properties of a plant stem and blade shearing components are effective on the cutting energy requirement. Specifying these parameters and their impacts on the cutting energy would be especially important in the assessment of each cutting mechanism efficiency and total energy utilization. In this study, using a test-rig pendulum displacement cutting apparatus, specific cutting energy for single stem cutting of rice stem was identified. The experiments were analyzed in a factorial arrangement laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in order to examine the effects of rice cultivars (at four levels: Hashemi, Ali Kazemi, Fajr, and Khazar), cutting angle (at three levels: 25, 30, and 35 degrees), blade bevel angle (at four levels: 25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees), and blade speed (at three levels: 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m s-1) on the specific cutting energy for rice stem. The results revealed that rice cultivar and blade velocity had significant effects (P<0.01) on the specific cutting energy. There were significant differences among cultivars in the view of specific cutting energy so that the highest and lowest values belonged to Hashemi (29.29 kJ m-2) and Khazar (16.81 kJ m-2), respectively. When blade velocity increased from 1.5 m s-1 to 2.5 m s-1, specific cutting energy raised about 77 %. Blade cutting and bevel angles were not solely influential on the specific cutting energy but they interacted with rice cultivar and impacted it. Optimum specific cutting energy obtained at cutting and blade bevel angles of 30 and 30 degrees, respectively.

La energía específica de corte necesaria para segar el tallo de arroz es un requisito fundamental al momento de diseñar u optimizar las propiedades mecánicas de una máquina cosechadora de granos. Las propiedades físicas y mecánicas del tallo así como la influencia de los parámetros geométricos y cinemáticas del par cortante (cuchilla/sufridera) son componentes efectivos para determinar esta energía. Especificar estos parámetros y su impacto en la energía de corte es fundamental para evaluar la eficiencia de cada mecanismo de corte y la energía total utilizada. En este estudio, se utilizó una prueba de péndulo con desplazamiento de los componentes de corte para calcular la energía específica de corte de un tallo de arroz. El diseño experimental fue factorial completamente al azar con tres repeticiones con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de cultivares de arroz (en cuatro niveles: Hashemi, Ali Kazemi, Fajr, y Khazar), ángulo de corte (en tres niveles: 25, 30 y 35 grados), el ángulo de bisel de la hoja (en cuatro niveles: 25, 30, 35, y 40 grados), y velocidad de la hoja (en tres niveles: 1,5; 2,0 y 2,5 m s-1) en la energía específica de corte para tallo del arroz. Los resultados revelaron que cultivar de arroz y la velocidad de la cuchilla tuvieron efectos significativos (P <0,01) en la energía de corte específica. Hubo diferencias significativas entre cultivares en la energía específica de corte donde el valor más alto y más bajo se observaron en Hashemi (29,29 kJ m-2) y Khazar (16,81 kJ m-2), respectivamente. Al aumentar la velocidad de la cuchilla de 1,5 m s-1 a 2,5 m s-1, la energía específica de corte se elevó alrededor del 77%. Los ángulos de corte y bisel no solo influyeron en la energía de corte, además interactuaron con el cultivar de arroz y lo afectaron. La óptima energía específica se obtuvo con ángulos de corte y bisel de 30º, en ambos casos.

Anilina foi convertida em nitrosobenzeno e nitrobenzeno por oxidação com peróxido de hidrogênio aquoso 30%. A reação foi catalisada por vários heteropolioxometalatos, à temperatura ambiente, em diclorometano, em condições bifásicas. Descobriu-se que H3PW12O40 é o melhor catalisador na oxidação da anilina. Na3PW9Mo3O40 e K4SiW9Mo2O40 também exibiram alta atividade na oxigenação. Agentes de transferência de fase e temperatura também contribuíram para a eficiência da oxidação.

Aniline was selectively converted into the corresponding nitrosobenzene and nitrobenzene by oxidation with 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The reaction was catalyzed by various heteropolyoxometalates, at room temperature, in dichloromethane under two-phase conditions. Findings show that H3PW12O40 is the best catalyst in the oxidation of aniline. Na3PW9Mo3O40 and K4SiW9Mo2O39 also displayed high reactivity in the oxygenation system. Phase transfer agents and temperature increase also contribute to the efficiency of the oxidation.